However, nobody knows exactly how much oil is … The static nature of the NPV approach means that it systematically undervalues investment opportunities which provide future options. 2. 4. namely the option to wait and take the project in a later period. This flexibility has several strategic forms. These are: Name of the proposed project. Generally there exist four types of "real options": 1. Put another way, they are all focused on the downside of risk and they miss the opportunity component that provides the upside. For example, imagine an oil company whose management thinks it has discovered a new oil field. If you sink $1 and wait and see, the real option value of the project is 50%x$5 - 50%x$0 - $1 = $1.50 as you don't have to invest if the state of the world is bad. Using real options values the ability to invest now and make follow-up investments later if the original project is a success (a growth option). - the option to wait before investing, and; - the option to vary a firm's output or production methods. Real options theory allows you to wait until you are here before deciding to approve the project. We suggest that a customer’s option to switch suppliers, and to wait and see before switching, adds to customer value in uncertain markets, and affects the customer’s switching behavior. Why might a firm want to do this? This is used for output display purposes. The option to Delay a project represents the value gained by waiting to take advantage of any upside volatility in the net present value. The first three of these are described further in this article. 3. So flexibility can be profitable! If the present value of the cash flows on the project are volatile and can change over time, a project with a negative net present value today may have a positive net present value in the future. the option to defer a project or “wait-and-see”. flexibility with regard to timing of an investment decision, i.e. On clicking the 'Start' button in the 'Menu' sheet, a form is displayed for the inputs for the option to Delay a project. Real options theory – an example. The majority of companies have embedded in them investment opportunities with a range of managerial options. The opportunity to "wait" and invest later. Inputs. Such strategic options are known as real options, and, can significantly increase the value of a project by eliminating unfavorable outcomes. REAL OPTIONS The approaches that we have described in the last three chapters for assessing the effects of risk, for the most part, are focused on the negative effects of risk. We use a real options model to examine the value of this option and conduct sensitivity analyses based on data collected from the German public health insurance market to support our argument. The opportunity to expand and make follow-up investments. The opportunity to shrink or abandon a project. 1.2.

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