Reinert, Erik S., and Arno M. Daastøl. Baron Wolff died on his estate (Rittergut ) near Leipzig in 1754. In GW I: 11. Christian Wolff (1679-1754) was a German philosopher and mathematician of a rationalist nature , who stood out in the historical context of the Enlightenment, a movement both cultural and intellectual, especially active in Germany, France and England. His Christian critics denounced him as a pagan, "Spinozist," and atheist, while Thomasius attacked him as a "new, insolent Confucian" in 1726. Vernünftige Gedanken von dem Gebrauch der Teile in Menschen, Tieren und Pflanzen [German Physiology ]. He studied mathematics, physics, and theology. His entry into the town on the 6th of December 1740 partook of the nature of a triumphal procession. Wolff's nature is rationally ordered; its ways are logical; and science is "the art of demonstration" (Logic vii § 1). 4 vols. In 1740 Frederick William, who had already made overtures to Wolff to return, died suddenly, and one of the first acts of his successor, Frederick the Great, was to recall him to Halle. © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. The political task of the ruler is formally equivalent to the aesthetic task of a designer or architect. Beyond this book, these are some of his most relevant works: As for his contributions, Wolff also developed a metaphysical teleologism (a branch of metaphysics that studies the purposes of objects or beings), through which he explained the universal connection and the harmony of being as ends established by God . As a result of this work, many colleagues, professors of theology, accused him of being an atheist , and for this reason they dismissed him two years after the publication of the aforementioned work. Wolffians gained nationwide appointments and ruled the intellectual field well into the 1770s. refers to an individually released part of the volume.). Hamburg: Meiner, 1983. van Gott, der Welt und der Seele des Menschen (1719); Vern. Wolff’s prominence in eighteenth-century Germany, and hiswide-ranging interests, have meant that he is an important figure inthe history of a number of established fields in the eighteenthcentury, including mathematics, physics, political theory, and eveneconomics. Submit a correction or make a comment about this profile, Chancellor, University of Halle (1743-54), Submit a correction or make a comment about this profile. But the claims which Wolff advanced on behalf of the philosophic reason appeared impious to his theological colleagues. In GW II: 29–33. The perception of good design elicits pleasure. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. We welcome any additional information. Despite resistance by the Pietist mayor August Hermann Francke (1663–1727) and the evangelical theologian Joachim Lange (1670–1744), Wolff taught outside his area until 1723. 1767). Lange's attacks prompted him to retract some of his ontological claims for a metaphysical skepticism compatible with Lutheran doctrine. As a result of their intellectual impact, Wolff was not taught in the twentieth century. In 1711 he wrote an anonymous review of a handbook (1710) by François Noël on China's geography and astronomy and on Chinese measurements for Acta Eruditorum. On November 8, 1723, King Frederick William I (r. 1713–1740) sentenced Wolff to death but granted his exile from Prussia if he left within two days. The early Wolff discussed logic together with psychology (1713); later, he joined logic to ontology (1728). He advanced the first formal theory of evolution and defined the ecological and cosmological notion of a world as a network of worldlines (nexus rerum ). In 1734 Prussia rescinded the 1723 arrest warrant; Frankfurt at the Oder offered him a position; the Prussian Academy offered him the vice-presidency; and Halle University allowed his return. ], All of the following works are contained in Wolff's Gesammelte Werke. When Wolff returned to the University of Halle, he was appointed chancellor (1741-1754). Wolff's caution was influenced by Newton's rules for philosophy (1687) and by Locke's empiricism. Leipzig: Fues, 1865. In GW II: 3. Aërometriae Elementa in quibus aliquot aëris vires ac proprietates iuxta methodum Geometrarum demonstrantur [Aerometry ]. He refused to submit the text to the next provost (Lange) for religious scrutiny, which prompted the Pietists to conspire at the royal court. In 1719 he published German Metaphysics (Rational Thoughts on God, World, Human Soul, and All Things in General ), his best-known work. Back in Halle, Wolff served as the university chancellor in 1743. The duty to realize well-ordered frames and a sustainable consensus, no matter its particular instantiation, has political and civil implications. Wolff's influence culminated in Kant. Frankfurt, 1726. Substances also affect things, like bodies, and hence souls can freely sin in their embodiments. Hildesheim: Olms, 1997. Natural Theology (1736–1737) and Global Practical Philosophy (1738–1739) completed the group. In reason, helped by experience and observation, one discovers the laws of nature in their present workings and in their evolutionary thrust toward a perfected state. For Wolff, any effect results from a prior sufficient reason according to lawful and rational patterns. In 1703, under von Tschirnhaus at the University of Leipzig, he finished his doctoral dissertation: On Universal Practical Philosophy, Composed from the Mathematical Method. Tonelli, Giorgio. Christian Wolf died on the 9 April 1754 at the age of 75. Internationalen Christian-Wolff-Kongresses, Halle (Saale), 4.–8. In Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Paul Edwards. 8 vols. Schönfeld, Martin. Thomas Hobbes, often called the father of modern analytic philosophy, was born in Malmesbury, Wiltshire, England. His return to Halle, which was condoned by the king, was seen as a cultural feat for Prussia and was a legal victory for reason. Halle, 1718. Locke was systematically used by the Pietists to shore up their fundamentalism against rationalist claims. Christian Wolff was a rationalist polymath and an influential leader of the early German Enlightenment. "Christian Wolff and the Classics of Scientific Socialism." Wolff's order of nature, no matter which logical moves he made, kept provoking political and clerical critique. In 1703 he qualified as Privatdozent in the university of Leipzig, where he lectured until 1706, when he was called as professor of mathematics and natural philosophy to Halle. Ideological differences with Pietists led to Christian Wolff leaving the University of Halle, and in 1723, he became the professor of mathematics and philosophy at the University of Marburg, Hesse where he remained until 1740.

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